Abstract

Research Article

Antibacterial Resistance and Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) Phenotypes in Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Fecal Samples of Humans and Animals in Selected Local Government Areas of Nasarawa State, Nigeria

RICHARD R*, EZEJIOFOR T.I.N, NSOFOR C.A and MANINGI N.E

Published: 13 August, 2024 | Volume 8 - Issue 1 | Pages: 027-033

It is quite alarming the increasing rate of antibacterial resistance all over the world considering the public health threat and the re-emergence of multi-drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae. The aim of this study is Antibacterial resistance and phenotypic detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from human and animal fecal samples in selected local government areas of Nasarawa state, Nigeria was carried out in the study. Hundred (100) samples comprising human and animal (goats, cattle, and chicken) were collected and 55 samples were multidrug resistant. A commercial biochemical kit (Eneterosystem 18R) was used for the isolation and identification of Enterobacteriaceae. Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion Method was used for antibacterial susceptibility testing of Enterobacteriaceae isolates. The Double Disc Synergy Test (DDST) method was also used for the phenotypic confirmation test of Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL). The occurrence of multidrug-resistant isolates shows that Escherichia coli (100.00%) which is the highest, Proteus mirabilis (14.54%), Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella enterica (10.90%), while the occurrence of Shigella flexneri (9.09%) was the lowest. The Enterobacteriaceae isolates were more resistant to Cefuroxime, Cefexime, Amoxicillin Clavulanate, and Imipenem/Cilastatin with percentage resistance ranges from 66.6% - 100%. The occurrence of ESBL producers shows that Escherichia coli (60.00%) and Proteus mirabilis (62.5%) were high while Shigella flexneri (20.0%) had a low occurrence of ESBL. The sale and in-discriminate use of antibiotics without a prescription is an important regulatory issue in the abuse of antibiotics for both humans and animals. The Beta-Lactam and gentamycin antibiotics were not effective against the Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) isolates and most of the isolates were ESBL producers.

Read Full Article HTML DOI: 10.29328/journal.abb.1001041 Cite this Article Read Full Article PDF

Keywords:

Enterobacteriaceae; Phenotypic; Antibacterial; Resistance; Occurrence

References

  1. Gonzales-Rodriguez A, Reyes-Farias C, Gonzales-Escalante E. Identification of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in fecal samples from infants residing in Talara, Piura, Peru. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2022;39(4):456-462. Available from: https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2022.394.11870
  2. Gelalcha BD, Ensermu DB, Agga GE, Vancuren M, Gillespie BE, D’Souza DH, et al. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in dairy cattle farms in East Tennessee. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2022;19(6):408-416. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2021.0101
  3. Samreen, Ahmad I, Malak HA, Abulreesh HH. Environmental antimicrobial resistance and its drivers: a potential threat to public health. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2021;27:101-111. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2021.08.001
  4. Blaak H, Lynch G, Italiaander R, Hamidjaja RA, Schets FM, de Roda Husman AM. Multidrug-resistant and extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Dutch surface water and wastewater. PLoS One. 2015;10(6). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0127752
  5. Blaak H, de Kruijf P, Hamidjaja RA, van Hoek AHAM, de Roda Husman AM, Schets FM. Prevalence and characteristics of ESBL-producing E. coli in Dutch recreational waters influenced by wastewater treatment plants. Vet Microbiol. 2014;171:448-459. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.03.007
  6. Søraas A, Sundsfjord A, Sandven I, Brunborg C, Jenum PA. Risk factors for community-acquired urinary tract infections caused by ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae – a case-control study in a low prevalence country. PLoS One. 2013;8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069581
  7. Jude FL, Innocent MA, Ousenu K, Christopher BT. Patterns of antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from broiler chicken in West Region of Cameroon: a cross-sectional study. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2022;2022:4180336. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2022%2F4180336
  8. Kristianingtyas L, Effendi MH, Witaningrum AM, Wardhana DK, Ugbo EN. Prevalence of extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in companion dogs in animal clinics, Surabaya, Indonesia. Int J One Health. 2021;7(2):232-236. Available from: https://www.onehealthjournal.org/Vol.7/No.2/12.html.
  9. Richard R, Ezejiofor TIN, Nsofor CA, Nkene IH. Antibacterial resistance and phenotypic detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from environmental sources in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Eur J Biol Biotechnol. 2023;4(5):612. Available from: https://ejbio.org/index.php/ejbio/article/view/479.
  10. Jesumirhewe C, Springer B, Allerberger F, Rvopitsch W. Genetic characterization of antibiotic resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates from bovine animals and environment in Nigeria. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:793541. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.793541
  11. Abimiku RH, Ngwai YB, Nkene IH, Bassey BE, Tsaku PA, Ibrahim T, Tama SC, Ishaleku D, Pennap GRI. Molecular diversity and ESBL resistance of diarrheagenic E. coli from patients attending selected health care facilities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Int J Pathog Res. 2019;3(1):1-18. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02177
  12. Holt JG, Kieg NR, Sneath PH, Staley JT, Williams ST. Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. 1994; 786-788.
  13. Nsofor CA, Iroegbu CU. Plasmid profile of antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli isolated from domestic animals in South-East Nigeria. J Cell Anim Biol. 2013;7(9):109-115. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304538332_Journal_of_Cell_and_Animal_Biology_Plasmid_profile_of_antibiotic_resistant_Escherichia_coli_isolated_from_domestic_animals_in_South-East_Nigeria.
  14. Cheesebrough M. Medical Laboratory Manual for Tropical Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2006; 49-97.
  15. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 27th informational supplement M100-S22. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2017. Available from: https://clsi.org/media/1469/m100s27_sample.pdf.
  16. Krumperman PH. Multiple antibiotics indexing E. coli to identifying risk sources of faecal contamination of foods. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1983;46(1):165-170. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1128%2Faem.46.1.165-170.1983
  17. Tsaku PA, Ngwai YB, Pennap GRI, Ishaleku D, Ibrahim T, Nkene IN, et al. Extended spectrum beta lactamase production of E. coli isolated from door handles in Nasarawa State University, Keffi, Nigeria. Heliyon. 2019;5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2019.e02177
  18. Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey R, Carmeli Y, Falagas ME, Giske CG, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(3):268-281. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x
  19. Jarlier V, Nicolas MH, Fournier G, Philippon A. Extended broad-spectrum beta-lactamases conferring transferable resistance to newer beta-lactam agents in Enterobacteriaceae: hospital prevalence and susceptibility patterns. Rev Infect Dis. 1988;10(4):867-878. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/10.4.867
  20. Tama SC, Ngwai YB, Pennap GR, Nkene IH, Abimiku RH, Jodi SM. Antimicrobial resistance profile and extended spectrum beta-lactamase resistance genes in Escherichia coli from poultry droppings Nasarawa, Nigeria. Asian J Biochem Genet Mol Biol. 2021;8(2):47-56. Available from: https://doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2021/v8i230192
  21. Abimiku RH, Ngwai YB, Nkene IH, Tatfeng YM. Molecular detection of diarrheagenic pathotypes of Escherichia coli from diarrheic patients in Keffi, Nigeria. Microbioz J. 2016;2(3):1-6. Available from: https://microbiozjournals.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/REJOICE020316.pdf.
  22. Ali I, Kumar N, Ahmed S, Dasti JI. Antibiotic resistance in uropathogenic E. coli strains isolated from non-hospitalized patients in Pakistan. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(9). Available from: https://doi.org/10.7860%2FJCDR%2F2014%2F7881.4813
  23. Adebola O, Oluwatoyin I, Adebayo L. A study of the prevalence of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in children from Gwagwalada, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J. 2014;17:146. Available from: https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2014.17.146.3369
  24. Ibrahim RA, Cryer TL, Lafi SQ, Basha EA, Good L, Tarazi YH. Identification of Escherichia coli from broiler chickens in Jordan, their antimicrobial resistance, gene characterization and the associated risk factors. BMC Vet Res. 2019;15(1):1-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-1901-1
  25. Langata LM, Maingi JM, Musonye HA, Kiiru J, Nyamache AK. Antimicrobial resistance genes in Salmonella and Escherichia coli isolates from chicken droppings in Nairobi, Kenya. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):1-6. Available from: https://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13104-019-4068-8
  26. Barns JN, Ezeamagu CO, Nkemjika ME, Akindele TS. Prevalence of integrons in Enterobacteriaceae obtained from clinical samples. J Microbiol Antimicrob. 2021;13(1):1-10. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/JMA2020.433
  27. Nsofor CM, Tattfeng MY, Nsofor CA. High prevalence of qnrA and qnrB genes among fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from a tertiary hospital in Southern Nigeria. Bull Natl Res Cent. 2021;45:26. Available from: https://bnrc.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s42269-020-00475-w
  28. Poirel L, Cattoir V, Nordmann P. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance; interactions between human, animal and environmental ecologies. Front Microbiol. 2012;3:24. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00024
  29. Andres P, Lucero C, Soler-Bistue A, Guerriero L, Albornoz E, Tran T, Zorreguieta A, et al. Differential distribution of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in clinical enterobacteria with unusual phenotypes of quinolone susceptibility from Argentina. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(6):2467-2475. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAAC.01615-12
  30. Robicsek A, Jacoby GA, Hooper DC. The worldwide emergence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6(10):629-640. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(06)70599-0
  31. Tsekouras N, Athanasakopoulou Z, Diezel C, Kostoulas P, Braun SD, Sofia M, et al. Cross-sectional survey of antibiotic resistance in extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from pigs in Greece. Animals. 2022;12:1560. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12121560
  32. Chah KF, Ugwu IC, Okpala A. Detection and molecular characterization of extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing enteric bacteria from pigs and chickens in Nsukka, Nigeria. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2018;15:36-40. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2018.06.002
  33. Duru C, Nwanegbo E, Adikwu M, Ejikeugwu C, Esimone C. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli strains of poultry origin in Owerri, Nigeria. World J Med Sci. 2013;8(4):349-354.
  34. Abubakar MB, Salihu MD, Aliyu RM, Bello A, Tukur H, Shuaibu AB. Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in indigenous chickens and retailed table eggs in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria. Scholarly J Biol Sci. 2016;5(2):56-60. Available from: https://scholarly-journals.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Abubakar-et-al.pdf

Figures:

Similar Articles

Recently Viewed

Read More

Most Viewed

Read More

Help ?