Research Article
Pros and Cons Controversy on Molecular Imaging and Dynamics of Double-Standard DNA/RNA of Human Preserving Stem Cells-Binding Nano Molecules with Androgens/Anabolic Steroids (AAS) or Testosterone Derivatives through Tracking of Helium-4 Nucleus (Alpha Particle) Using Synchrotron Radiation
Alireza Heidari*
Faculty of Chemistry, California South University, 14731 Comet St. Irvine, CA 92604, USA*Address for Correspondence: Dr. Alireza Heidari, Faculty of Chemistry, California South University, 14731 Comet St. Irvine, CA 92604, USA, Email: Scholar.Researcher.Scientist@gmail.com; Alireza.Heidari@calsu.us
Dates: Submitted: 31 October 2017; Approved: 13 November 2017; Published: 15 November 2017
How to cite this article: Heidari A. Pros and Cons Controversy on Molecular Imaging and Dynamics of Double-Standard DNA/RNA of Human Preserving Stem Cells-Binding Nano Molecules with Androgens/Anabolic Steroids (AAS) or Testosterone Derivatives through Tracking of Helium-4 Nucleus (Alpha Particle) Using Synchrotron Radiation. Arch Biotechnol Biomed. 2017; 1: 067-100. DOI: 10.29328/journal.abb.1001007
Copyright License: © 2017 Heidari A. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Keywords: Molecular Imaging; Molecular Dynamics; Double-Standard DNA/RNA; Stem Cells; Binding; Nano Molecules; Androgens/Anabolic Steroids (AAS); Testosterone Derivatives; Helium-4 Nucleus; Alpha Particle; Synchrotron Radiation; Nucleic Acids
Abstract
Introduction
The enzymatic oxidation of double-standard DNA/RNA of human preserving stem cells-binding Nano molecules by haem peroxidases (or heme peroxidases) such as Horseradish Peroxidase (HPR), Chloroperoxidase (CPO), Lactoperoxidase (LPO) and Lignin Peroxidase (LiP) is an important process from both the synthetic and mechanistic point of view [1-100]. Currently, molecular imaging and dynamics of double-standard DNA/RNA of human preserving stem cells-binding Nano molecules with Androgens/Anabolic Steroids (AAS) (Figure 1) or Testosterone derivatives (Figure 2) such as Testosterone [Androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one], 4-Hydroxytestosterone [4-Hydroxytestosterone], 11-Ketotestosterone [11-Ketotestosterone], Boldenone [Δ1-Testosterone], Clostebol [4-Chlorotestosterone], 4-Androstenediol [4-Androstenediol], 4-Dehydroepiandrosterone (4-DHEA) [4-Dehydroepiandrosterone], 5-Androstenedione [5-Androstenedione], 5-Dehydroandrosterone (5-DHA) [5-Dehydroandrosterone], 11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione (11β-OHA4) [11β-Hydroxy-4-androstenedione], Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione, 11-KA4) [11-Keto-4-androstenedione], Androstenediol (5-androstenediol, A5) [5-Androstenediol], Androstenedione (4-androstenedione, A4) [4-Androstenedione], Atamestane [1-Methyl-δ1-4-androstenedione], Boldione (1,4-androstadienedione) [δ1-4-Androstenedione], Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, 5-DHEA; prasterone, androstenolone) [5-Dehydroepiandrosterone], Exemestane [6-Methylidene-δ1-4-androstenedione], Formestane [4-Hydroxy-4-androstenedione], Plomestane [10-Propargyl-4-androstenedione], Cloxotestosterone [Testosterone 17-chloral hemiacetal ether], Quinbolone [Δ1-Testosterone 17β-cyclopentenyl enol ether], Silandrone [Testosterone 17β-trimethylsilyl ether], Dihydrotestosterone (DHT; androstanolone, stanolone) [4,5α-Dihydrotestosterone], 1-Testosterone (dihydro-1-testosterone, dihydroboldenone) [4,5α-Dihydro-δ1-testosterone], 11-Ketodihydrotestosterone (11-KDHT) [11-Keto-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone], Drostanolone [2α-Methyl-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone], Epitiostanol (epithioandrostanol) [2α,3α-Epithio-3-deketo-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone], Mesterolone [1α-Methyl-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone], Metenolone (methenolone, methylandrostenolone) [1-Methyl-4,5α-dihydro-δ1-testosterone], Nisterime [2α-Chloro-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone O-(p-nitrophenyl)oxime], Stenbolone [2-Methyl-4,5α-dihydro-δ1-testosterone], 1-Androsterone (1-Andro, 1-DHEA) [1-Dehydroepiandrosterone], 1-Androstenediol (dihydro-1-androstenediol) [1-Androstenediol (4,5α-dihydro-δ1-4-androstenediol)], 1-Androstenedione (dihydro-1-androstenedione) [1-Androstenedione (4,5α-dihydro-δ1-4-androstenedione)], 5α-Androst-2-en-17-one [3-Deketo-2-androstenedione (3-deketo-4,5α-dihydro-δ2-4-androstenedione)], Androsterone [Androsterone], Epiandrosterone [Epiandrosterone], Mepitiostane [2α,3α-Epithio-3-deketo-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone 17β-(1-methoxycyclopentane) ether], Mesabolone [4,5α-Dihydro-δ1-testosterone 17β-(1-methoxycyclohexane) ether], Prostanozol [2,3-4(4’,3’-Pyrazol)-3-deketo-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone 17β-tetrahydropyran ether], Bolazine (di(drostanolone) azine) [3,3-[(1E,2E)-1,2-Hydrazinediylidene]di(2α-methyl-5α-androstan-17β-ol)], Nandrolone (nortestosterone) [19-Nortestosterone], 11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone (11β-MNT) [11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone], Dienolone [19-Nor-δ9-testosterone], Dimethandrolone [7α,11β-Dimethyl-19-nortestosterone], Norclostebol [4-Chloro-19-nortestosterone], Oxabolone [4-Hydroxy-19-nortestosterone], Trenbolone (trienolone) [19-Nor-δ9,11-testosterone], Trestolone (MENT) [7α-Methyl-19-nortestosterone], 7α-Methyl-19-nor-4-androstenedione (MENT dione, trestione) [7α-Methyl-19-nor-4-androstenedione], 19-Nor-5-androstenediol [19-Nor-5-androstenediol], 19-Nor-5-androstenedione [19-Nor-5-androstenedione], Bolandiol (nor-4-androstenediol) [19-Nor-4-androstenediol], Bolandione (nor-4-androstenedione) [19-Nor-4-androstenedione], Dienedione (nor-4,9-androstadienedione) [19-Nor-δ9-4-androstenedione], Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene) [18-Methyl-19-nor-δ2,5(10)-epiandrosterone 3-methyl ether], Bolmantalate (nandrolone adamantoate) [19-Nortestosterone 17β-adamantoate], Bolasterone [7α,17α-Dimethyltestosterone], Calusterone [7β,17α-Dimethyltestosterone], Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT) [4-Chloro-17α-methyl-δ1-testosterone], Enestebol [4-Hydroxy-17α-methyl-δ1-testosterone], Ethyltestosterone [17α-Ethyltestosterone], Fluoxymesterone [9α-Fluoro-11β-hydroxy-17α-methyltestosterone], Formebolone [2-Formyl-11α-hydroxy-17α-methyl-δ1-testosterone], Hydroxystenozole [?,?(?,?-Pyrazol)-3-deketo-δ2-testosterone], Metandienone (methandienone, methandrostenolone) [17α-Methyl-δ1-testosterone], Methylclostebol (chloromethyltestosterone) [4-Chloro-17α-methyltestosterone], Methyltestosterone [17α-Methyltestosterone], Oxymesterone [4-Hydroxy-17α-methyltestosterone], Tiomesterone (thiomesterone) [1α,7α-Diacetylthio-17α-methyltestosterone], Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol (CDMA) [4-Chloro-17α-methyl-δ1-4-androstenediol], Chloromethylandrostenediol (CMA) [4-Chloro-17α-methyl-4-androstenediol], Methandriol (methylandrostenediol) [17α-Methyl-5-androstenediol], Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether [17α-Methyl-4-hydro-δ3,5-testosterone 3-hexyl ether], Penmesterol (penmestrol) [17α-Methyl-4-hydro-δ3,5-testosterone 3-cyclopentyl ether], Androisoxazole [2,3-Isoxazol-3-deketo-17α-methyl-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone], Desoxymethyltestosterone [3-Deketo-17α-methyl-4,5α-dihydro-δ2-testosterone], Furazabol [2,3-Furazan-3-deketo-17α-methyl-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone], Mestanolone (methyl-DHT) [17α-Methyl-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone], Methasterone (methyldrostanolone) [2α,17α-Dimethyl-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone], Methyl-1-testosterone (methyldihydro-1-testosterone) [17α-Methyl-4,5α-dihydro-δ1-testosterone], Methylepitiostanol [2α,3α-Epithio-3-deketo-17α-methyl-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone], Methylstenbolone [2,17α-Dimethyl-4,5α-dihydro-δ1-testosterone], Oxandrolone [2-Oxa-17α-methyl-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone], Oxymetholone [2-Hydroxymethylene-4,5α-dihydro-17α-methyltestosterone], Stanozolol [2,3-4(4’,3’-Pyrazol)-3-deketo-17α-methyl-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone], Mebolazine (dimethazine, di(methasterone) azine) [3,3-[(1E,2E)-1,2-Hydrazinediylidene]di(2α,17α-dimethyl-5α-androstan-17β-ol)], Dimethyltrienolone (7α,17α-dimethyltrenbolone) [7α,17α-Dimethyl-19-nor-δ9,11-testosterone], Ethyldienolone [17α-Ethyl-19-nor-δ9-testosterone], Ethylestrenol (ethylnandrol) [17α-Ethyl-3-deketo-19-nortestosterone], Methyldienolone [17α-Methyl-19-nor-δ9-testosterone], Methylhydroxynandrolone (MOHN, MHN) [4-Hydroxy-17α-methyl-19-nortestosterone], Metribolone (methyltrienolone, R-1881) [17α-Methyl-19-nor-δ9,11-testosterone], Mibolerone [7α,17α-Dimethyl-19-nortestosterone], Norboletone [17α-Ethyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone], Norethandrolone (ethylnandrolone, ethylestrenolone) [17α-Ethyl-19-nortestosterone], Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone) [17α-Methyl-19-nortestosterone], Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG) [17α-Ethyl-18-methyl-19-nor-δ9,11-testosterone], Bolenol (ethylnorandrostenol) [3-Deketo-17α-ethyl-19-nor-5-androstenediol], Propetandrol [17α-Ethyl-19-nortestosterone 3-propionate], Vinyltestosterone [17α-Ethenyltestosterone], Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone) [17α-Ethenyltestosterone], Ethisterone (ethinyltestosterone) [17α-Ethynyltestosterone], Danazol (2,3-isoxazolethisterone) [2,3-Isoxazol-17α-ethynyltestosterone], Norethisterone (norethindrone) [17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone], Etynodiol (ethynodiol, 3β-hydroxynorethisterone) [17α-Ethynyl-3-deketo-3β-hydroxy-19-nortestosterone], Gestrinone (ethylnorgestrienone, R-2323) [17α-Ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nor-δ9,11-testosterone], Levonorgestrel ((−)-norgestrel) [(−)-17α-Ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone], Lynestrenol (3-deketonorethisterone) [17α-Ethynyl-3-deketo-19-nortestosterone], Norgestrel (18-methylnorethisterone) [17α-Ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone], Norgestrienone (ethynyltrenbolone) [17α-Ethynyl-19-nor-δ9,11-testosterone], Tibolone (7α-methylnoretynodrel) [7α-Methyl-17α-ethynyl-19-nor-δ5(10)-testosterone], Quingestanol [4-Hydro-19-nor-δ3,5-testosterone 3-cyclopentyl ether], Etynodiol diacetate (ethynodiol diacetate) [17α-Ethynyl-3-deketo-3β-hydroxy-19-nortestosterone 3β,17β-diacetate], Norethisterone acetate (norethindrone acetate) [17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone 17β-acetate], Norethisterone enanthate (norethindrone enanthate) [17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone 17β-enanthate] and Quingestanol acetate [4-Hydro-17α-ethynyl-19-nor-δ3,5-testosterone 3-cyclopentyl ether 17β-acetate] (Figure 3), is receiving considerable interests [101-297]. In the current study, we have investigated pros and cons controversy on molecular imaging and dynamics of double-standard DNA/RNA of human preserving stem cells-binding Nano molecules with Androgens/Anabolic Steroids (AAS) or Testosterone derivatives through tracking of Helium-4 nucleus (Alpha particle) using synchrotron radiation.
It should be noted that we have used different light sources as sunchrotron radiation in the current study which include:
Electric discharge such as Electric arc, Arc lamp, Flashtube, Electrostatic discharge, Lightning, Electric spark, Gas discharge lamp, Electrodeless lamp, Excimer lamp, Fluorescent lamp, Compact fluorescent lamp, Tanning lamp, Black lights, Geissler tube, Moore tube, Ruhmkorff lamp, High-intensity discharge lamp, Carbon arc lamp, Ceramic discharge metal-halide lamp, Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide lamp, Mercury-vapor lamp, Metal-halide lamp, Sodium-vapor lamp, Sulfur lamp, Xenon arc lamp, Hollow-cathode lamp, Induction lighting, Sulfur lamp, Neon and argon lamps, Dekatron, Nixie tube, Plasma lamp and Xenon flash lamp. Incandescence such as Black-body radiation, Carbon button lamp, Earthquake light, Halogen lamp, Incandescent light bulb, Lava, Nernst lamp, Volcanic eruption, Combustion, Argand lamp, Argon flash, Carbide lamp, Betty lamp, Butter lamp, Flash-lamp, Gas lighting, Gas mantle, Kerosene lamps, Lanterns, Limelights, Oil lamps, Tilley lamp, Bunsen burner, Candle, Embers, Explosives, Fire, Fire whirl, Fireworks, Flamethrower, Muzzle flash, Rubens’ tube, Torch, Nuclear and high-energy particle and Annihilation. Celestial and atmospheric such as Astronomical objects, Sun (sunlight, solar radiation), Corona, Photosphere, Stars (Starlight), Nova/supernova/hypernova, Galaxies, Milky Way, Star clusters, Deep sky objects, Quasars, Accretion discs, Blazars, Magnetars, Pulsars, Atmospheric entry, Meteors, Meteor showers, Bolide, Earth-grazing fireball, Lightning (Plasma), Sprite (lightning), Ball lightning, Upper-atmospheric lightning, Dry lightning, Aurorae, Čerenkov radiation, Luminescence, Chemiluminescence, Bioluminescence, Aequorea Victoria, Antarctic krill, Cavitation bubbles, Foxfire, Glowworm, Luciferase, Panellus stipticus, Parchment worm, Piddock, Electrochemiluminescence and Crystalloluminescence. Electroluminescence such as Light-emitting diodes, Organic light-emitting diodes, Polymer light-emitting diodes, AMOLED, Light-emitting electrochemical cell, Electroluminescent wires, Field-induced polymer electroluminescent, Laser, Chemical laser, Dye laser, Free-electron laser, Gas dynamic laser, Gas laser, Ion laser, Laser diode, Metal-vapor laser, Nonlinear optics, Quantum well laser, Ruby laser, Solid-state laser, Cathodoluminescence, Mechanoluminescence, Triboluminescence, Fractoluminescence, Piezoluminescence, Sonoluminescence, Photoluminescence, Fluorescence, Phosphorescence, Radioluminescence, Thermoluminescence, Cryoluminescence, Luminous efficacy and Photometry (optics).
Materials, research method and experimental techniques
In this study, different types of molecular imaging and dynamics of double-standard DNA/RNA of human preserving stem cells-binding Nano molecules with Androgens/Anabolic Steroids (AAS) or Testosterone derivatives through tracking of Helium-4 nucleus (Alpha particle) under synchrotron radiation by means of Tetrabutylammonium Peroxymonosulfate (TBAO) was performed in the presence of six different phenyl substituted Manganese (III) β-Trifluoromethyl-meso-tetraphenylporphyrins (TPPH2) (Mn-Pors) and imidazole in CH2Cl2 using nanomaterials analysis different methods and techniques such as Analytical Ultracentrifugation, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), Auger Electron Diffraction (AED), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy (AFS ), Atom Probe Field Ion Microscopy (APFIM), Appearance Potential Spectroscopy (APS), Angle Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy (ARPES), Angle Resolved Ultraviolet Photoemission Spectroscopy (ARUPS), Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR), BET Surface Area Measurement (BET) (BET from Brunauer, Emmett, Teller), Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC), Backscatter Kikuchi Diffraction (BKD), Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET), Back Scattered Electron Diffraction (BSED), Coaxial Impact Collision Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (CAICISS), Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy (CARS), Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction (CBED), Charge Collection Microscopy (CCM), Coherent Diffraction Imaging (CDI), Capillary Electrophoresis (CE), Cryo-Electron Tomography (CET), Cathodoluminescence (CL), Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM), Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY), Cryo-Electron Microscopy (Cryo-EM), Cryo-Scanning Electron Microscopy (Cryo-SEM), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Dielectric Thermal Analysis (DE(T)A), De Haas-van Alphen Effect (dHvA), Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy (DIC), Dielectric Spectroscopy (Dielectric spectroscopy), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Deep-Level Transient Spectroscopy (DLTS), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Dual Polarisation Interferometry (DPI), Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy (DRS), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), Dynamic Vapour Sorption (DVS), Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC), Elastic (Non-Rutherford) Backscattering Spectrometry (EBS), Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD), Exclusive Correlation Spectroscopy (ECOSY), Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT), Energy-Dispersive Analysis of X-Rays (EDAX), Electrically Detected Magnetic Resonance (EDMR), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS or EDX), Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (EELS), Energy Filtered Transmission Electron Microscopy (EFTEM), Electron Induced Desorption (EID), Electrical Impedance Tomography and Electrical Resistivity Tomography (EIT and ERT), Electroluminescence (EL), Electron Crystallography, Electrophoretic Light Scattering (ELS), Electron Nuclear Double Resonance (ENDOR), Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA), Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (EPR), Elastic Recoil Detection or Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (ERD or ERDA), Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), Electron Stimulated Desorption (ESD), Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM), Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry or Electrospray Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS or ES-MS), Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy (ESR), Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (ESTM), Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS), Exchange Spectroscopy (EXSY), Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS), Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy (FCCS), Field Emission Microscopy (FEM), Focused Ion Beam Microscopy (FIB), Field Ion Microscopy-Atom Probe (FIM-AP), Flow Birefringence, Fluorescence Anisotropy, Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging (FLIM), Fluorescence Microscopy, Feature-Oriented Scanning Probe Microscopy (FOSPM), Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), Forward Recoil Spectrometry (FRS), Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance or Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry (FTICR or FT-MS), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Glow Discharge Mass Spectrometry (GDMS), Glow Discharge Optical Spectroscopy (GDOS), Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (GISAXS), Grazing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction (GIXD), Grazing Incidence X-Ray Reflectivity (GIXR), Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC), High Angle Annular Dark-Field Imaging (HAADF), Helium Atom Scattering (HAS), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), High Resolution Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (HREELS), High-Resolution Electron Microscopy (HREM), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Heavy-Ion Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (HI-ERDA), High-Energy Proton Induced X-Ray Emission (HE-PIXE), Ion Induced Auger Electron Spectroscopy (IAES), Ion Beam Analysis (IBA), Ion Beam Induced Charge Microscopy (IBIC), Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), Immunofluorescence, Ion Cyclotron Resonance (ICR), Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy (IETS), Intelligent Gravimetric Analysis (IGA), Inert Gas Fusion (IGF), Ion Induced X-Ray Analysis (IIX), Ion Neutralization Spectroscopy (INS), Inelastic Neutron Scattering, Infrared Non-Destructive Testing of Materials (IRNDT), Infrared Spectroscopy (IRS), Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (ISS), Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC), Intermediate Voltage Electron Microscopy (IVEM), Low-Angle Laser Light Scattering (LALLS), Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED), Low-Energy Electron Microscopy (LEEM), Low-Energy Ion Scattering (LEIS), Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Laser Optical Emission Spectroscopy (LOES), Light (Raman) Scattering (LS), Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI), Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE), Medium Energy Ion Scattering (MEIS), Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM), Magnetic Induction Tomography (MIT), Multiphoton Fluorescence Microscopy (MPM), Magnetic Resonance Force Microscopy (MRFM), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Mass Spectrometry (MS), Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS), Mechanically Stimulated Gas Emission (MSGE), Mössbauer Spectroscopy, Microthermal Analysis (MTA), Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA), Nanovid Microscopy, Neutron Diffraction (ND), Neutron Depth Profiling (NDP), Near Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS), Nuclear Inelastic Scattering/Absorption (NIS), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR), Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy (NOESY), Nuclear Reaction Analysis (NRA), Near-Field Optical Microscopy (NSOM), Optical Beam Induced Current (OBIC), Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODNMR), Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES), Osmometry (Osmometry), Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (PAS), Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, Photoacoustic Tomography or Photoacoustic Computed Tomography (PAT or PACT), Photoemission of Adsorbed Xenon (PAX), Photocurrent Spectroscopy (PC or PCS), Phase Contrast Microscopy, Photoelectron Diffraction (PhD), Photodesorption (PD), Potentiodynamic Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (PDEIS), Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy (PDS), Photoelectron Diffraction (PED), Parallel Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (PEELS), Photoemission Electron Microscopy or Photoelectron Emission Microscopy (PEEM), Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES), Photon-Induced Near-Field Electron Microscopy (PINEM), Particle (or Proton) Induced Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy (PIGE), Particle (or Proton) Induced X-Ray Spectroscopy (PIXE), Photoluminescence (PL), Porosimetry, Powder Diffraction, Photothermal Microspectroscopy (PTMS), Photothermal Spectroscopy (PTS), Quasielastic Neutron Scattering (QENS), Raman Spectroscopy (Raman), Resonant Anomalous X-Ray Scattering (RAXRS), Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS), Reflection Electron Microscopy (REM), Reflectance Difference Spectroscopy (RDS), Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED), Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry (RIMS), Resonant Inelastic X-Ray Scattering (RIXS), Resonance Raman Spectroscopy (RR Spectroscopy), Selected Area Diffraction (SAD), Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED), Scanning Auger Microscopy (SAM), Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS), Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS), Surface Composition by Analysis of Neutral Species and Ion-Impact Radiation (SCANIIR), Scanning Confocal Electron Microscopy (SCEM), Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE), Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), Surface Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy (SEIRA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS), Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectroscopy (SERRS), Surface Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (SEXAFS), Scanning Ion-Conductance Microscopy (SICM), Solid Immersion Lens (SIL), Solid Immersion Mirror (SIM), Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), Sputtered Neutral Species Mass Spectrometry (SNMS), Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy (SNOM), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM), Selected-Reaction-Monitoring Capillary-Electrophoresis Mass-Spectrometry (SRM-CE/MS), Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SSNMR), Stark Spectroscopy, Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy (STED), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM), Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS), Surface X-Ray Diffraction (SXRD), Thermoacoustic Tomography or Thermoacoustic Computed Tomography (TAT or TACT), Transmission Electron Microscope/Microscopy (TEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Transmitting Ion Kinetic Analysis (TIKA), Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS), Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (TIRFM), Photothermal Lens Spectroscopy (TLS), Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA), Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (TOF-MS), Two-Photon Excitation Microscopy, Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (TXRF), Ultrasound Attenuation Spectroscopy, Ultrasonic Testing, UV-Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS), Ultra Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (USANS), Ultra Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering (USAXS), Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Video-Enhanced Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy (VEDIC), Voltammetry, Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering (WAXS), Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (WDX or WDS), X-Ray Induced Auger Electron Spectroscopy (XAES), Near Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (XANES or NEXAFS), X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS), X-Ray Crystal Truncation Rod Scattering (X-CTR), X-Ray Crystallography, X-Ray Diffuse Scattering (XDS), X-Ray Photoelectron Emission Microscopy (XPEEM), X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray Resonant Exchange Scattering (XRES), X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis (XRF), X-Ray Reflectivity (XRR), X-Ray Raman Scattering (XRS), X-Ray Standing Wave Technique (XSW) and so on. Furthermore, it should be noted that electron-deficient and bulky substituents on the phenyl groups lowered the catalytic activities of the corresponding Mn-Por and reduce the rate of over oxidation process. Less bulky sulfides with electron-rich Sulfur atoms showed greater reactivity in the oxidation and enhance the selectivity of sulfone products. The investigation of co-catalytic activities of axial Nitrogen donors in the presence of various Mn-Pors indicates the higher co-catalytic activities of weak π-donor pyridines than imidazoles in the presence of electron-deficient catalysts.
Results and Discussion
Development of more environmentally friendly synthetic processes is a rising interest in the chemical community. In addition to its abundance and for economical and safety reasons, Androgens/Anabolic Steroids (AAS) or Testosterone Derivatives has naturally become an alternative as an environmentally benign complex. Moreover, it has been found that reactions with Androgens/Anabolic Steroids (AAS) or Testosterone Derivatives can facilitate access to different reactivity and selectivity patterns compared with those observed with common organic ligands and nucleic acids due to their unique physical and chemical properties.
However, the use of Androgens/Anabolic Steroids (AAS) or Testosterone derivatives in organic reactions has serious limitations. For example, most organic Nano compounds and nucleic acids do not dissolve in Androgens/Anabolic Steroids (AAS) or Testosterone derivatives and many reactive substrates, catalysts, reagents and products are decomposed or deactivated in aqueous media. To overcome these drawbacks in the use of Androgens/Anabolic Steroids (AAS) or Testosterone derivatives as acceptor, surfactants can be used successfully which solubilize organic Nano materials and nucleic acids or form emulsions with them in Testosterone derivatives for consideration and investigation of molecular imaging and dynamics of double-standard DNA/RNA of human preserving stem cells-binding Nano molecules with Androgens/Anabolic Steroids (AAS) or Testosterone derivatives through tracking of Helium-4 nucleus (Alpha particle) under synchrotron radiation.
Conclusions, Perspectives and Future Studies
In the current study, we introduce a green catalytic method for C-C and C-N bond forming via Michael addition of Androgens/Anabolic Steroids (AAS) or Testosterone derivatives to electron-deficient nucleic acids using Zirconium(4+) tetrakis(dodecyl sulfate) [Zr(DS)4] under mild conditions with high yields and selectivity has been developed. The reusability of the catalyst has been successfully examined without any noticeable loss of its catalytic activity using molecular imaging and dynamics of double-standard DNA/RNA of human preserving stem cells-binding Nano molecules with Androgens/Anabolic Steroids (AAS) or Testosterone derivatives through tracking of Helium-4 nucleus (Alpha particle) under synchrotron radiation. Furthermore, we strongly recommend and suggest investigation and study on molecular imaging and dynamics of double-standard DNA/RNA of human preserving stem cells-binding Nano molecules with other Steroids’ types, designer Nano drugs and Androgens through tracking of Helium-4 nucleus (Alpha particle) under synchrotron radiation in the future studies.
References
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- Heidari A. Innovative Biomedical Equipment’s for Diagnosis and Treatment. J Bioengineer Biomedical Sci. 2016; 6: 2.
- Heidari A. Integrating Precision Cancer Medicine into Healthcare, Medicare Reimbursement Changes and the Practice of Oncology: Trends in Oncology Medicine and Practices. J Oncol Med Pract. 2016; 1: 2.
- Heidari A. Promoting Convergence in Biomedical and Biomaterials Sciences and Silk Proteins for Biomedical and Biomaterials Applications: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine and Bioengineering Perspectives. J Bioengineer Biomedical Sci. 2016; 6: 3. Ref.: https://goo.gl/wxE6rB
- Heidari A. X-Ray Fluorescence and X-Ray Diffraction Analysis on Discrete Element Modeling of Nano Powder Metallurgy Processes in Optimal Container
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- Heidari A. Electronic Coupling among the Five Nanomolecules Shuts Down Quantum Tunneling in the Presence and Absence of an Applied Magnetic Field for Indication of the Dimer or other Provide Different Influences on the Magnetic Behavior of Single Molecular Magnets (SMMs) as Qubits for Quantum Computing. Glob J Res Rev. 2017; 4: 2.
- Heidari A. Polymorphism in Nano-Sized Graphene Ligand–Induced Transformation of Au38-xAgx/xCux(SPh-tBu)24 to Au36-xAgx/xCux(SPh-tBu)24 (x=1-12) Nanomolecules for Synthesis of Au144-xAgx/xCux[(SR)60, (SC4)60, (SC6)60, (SC12)60, (PET)60, (p-MBA)60, (F)60, (Cl)60, (Br)60, (I)60, (At)60, (Uus)60 and (SC6H13)60] Nano Clusters as Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs. J Nanomater Mol Nanotechnol. 2017; 6: 3.
- Heidari A. Biomedical Resource Oncology and Data Mining to Enable Resource Discovery in Medical, Medicinal, Clinical, Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Translational Research and Their Applications in Cancer Research. Int J Biomed Data Min. 2017; 6: 103.
- Heidari A. Study of Synthesis, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Dosing,
Stability, Safety and Efficacy of Olympiadane Nanomolecules as Agent for
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- Heidari A. Opinion on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
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- Heidari A. Changing Metal Powder Characteristics for Elimination of the Heavy Metals Toxicity and Diseases in Disruption of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Proteins Adjustment in Cancer Metastases Induced by Osteosarcoma, Chondrosarcoma, Carcinoid, Carcinoma, Ewing’s Sarcoma, Fibrosarcoma and Secondary Hematopoietic Solid or Soft Tissue Tumors. J Powder Metall Min. 2017; 6: 170.
- Heidari A. Nanomedicine-Based Combination Anti-Cancer Therapy between Nucleic Acids and Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs in Covalent Nano Drugs Delivery Systems for Selective Imaging and Treatment of Human Brain Tumors Using Hyaluronic Acid, Alguronic Acid and Sodium Hyaluronate as Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs and Nucleic Acids Delivery under Synchrotron Radiation. Am J Drug Deliv. 2017; 5: 2. Ref.: https://goo.gl/RzxkHx
- Heidari A. Clinical Trials of Dendritic Cell Therapies for Cancer Exposing Vulnerabilities in Human Cancer Cells’ Metabolism and Metabolomics: New Discoveries, Unique Features Inform New Therapeutic Opportunities, Biotech's Bumpy Road to the Market and Elucidating the Biochemical Programs that Support Cancer Initiation and Progression. J Biol Med Sci. 2017; 1: 103.
- Heidari A. The Design Graphene-Based Nanosheets as a New Nanomaterial in Anti-Cancer Therapy and Delivery of Chemotherapeutics and Biological Nano Drugs for Liposomal Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs and Gene Delivery. Br Biomed Bull. 2017; 5: 305. Ref.: https://goo.gl/nAC9Wb
- Heidari A. Integrative Approach to Biological Networks for Emerging Roles of Proteomics, Genomics and Transcriptomics in the Discovery and Validation of Human Colorectal Cancer Biomarkers from DNA/RNA Sequencing Data under Synchrotron Radiation. Transcriptomics. 2017; 5: 117.
- Heidari A. Elimination of the Heavy Metals Toxicity and Diseases in Disruption of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Proteins and Cell Adhesion Intelligent Nanomolecules Adjustment in Cancer Metastases Using Metalloenzymes and under Synchrotron Radiation. Lett Health Biol Sci. 2017; 2: 1-4.
- Heidari A. Treatment of Breast Cancer Brain Metastases through a Targeted Nanomolecule Drug Delivery System Based on Dopamine Functionalized Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) Coated with Nano Graphene Oxide (GO) and Protonated Polyaniline (PANI) in Situ During the Polymerization of Aniline Autogenic Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs under Synchrotron Radiation. Br J Res. 2017; 4: 16.
- Heidari A. Sedative, Analgesic and Ultrasound-Mediated Gastrointestinal Nano Drugs Delivery for Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Procedure, Nano Drug-Induced Gastrointestinal Disorders and Nano Drug Treatment of Gastric Acidity. Res Rep Gastroenterol. 2017; 1:1.
- Heidari A. Synthesis, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Dosing, Stability, Safety and Efficacy of Orphan Nano Drugs to Treat High Cholesterol and Related Conditions and to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease under Synchrotron Radiation. J Pharm Sci Emerg Drugs. 2017; 5: 1. Ref.: https://goo.gl/oCFVXZ
- Heidari A. Non-Linear Compact Proton Synchrotrons to Improve Human Cancer Cells and Tissues Treatments and Diagnostics through Particle Therapy Accelerators with Monochromatic Microbeams. J Cell Biol Mol Sci. 2017; 2: 1-5.
- Heidari A. Design of Targeted Metal Chelation Therapeutics Nanocapsules as Colloidal Carriers and Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) Translocation to Targeted Deliver Anti–Cancer Nano Drugs into the Human Brain to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease under Synchrotron Radiation. J Nanotechnol Material Sci. 2017; 4: 1-5.
- Ricardo Gobato, Heidari A. Calculations Using Quantum Chemistry for Inorganic Molecule Simulation BeLi2SeSi. American Journal of Quantum Chemistry and Molecular Spectroscopy. 2017; 2: 37-46. Ref.: https://goo.gl/y7pJke
- Heidari A. Different High-Resolution Simulations of Medical, Medicinal, Clinical, Pharmaceutical and Therapeutics Oncology of Human Lung Cancer Translational Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs Delivery Treatment Process under Synchrotron and X-Ray Radiations. J Med Oncol. 2017; 1: 1. Ref.: https://goo.gl/eEJwPP
- Heidari A. A Modern Ethnomedicinal Technique for Transformation, Prevention and Treatment of Human Malignant Gliomas Tumors into Human Benign Gliomas Tumors under Synchrotron Radiation. Am J Ethnomed. 2017; 4: 10.
- Heidari A. An Investigation of the Role of DNA as Molecular Computers: A Computational Study on the Hamiltonian Path Problem. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 2014; 5: 1884-1889. Ref.: https://goo.gl/sijkXC
- Heidari A. Active Targeted Nanoparticles for Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs Delivery across the Blood-Brain Barrier for Human Brain Cancer Treatment, Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Alzheimer's Diseases Using Chemical Modifications of Anti–Cancer Nano Drugs or Drug-Nanoparticles through Zika Virus (ZIKV) Nanocarriers under Synchrotron Radiation. J Med Chem Toxicol. 2017; 2: 1-5.
- Heidari A. Investigation of Medical, Medicinal, Clinical and Pharmaceutical Applications of Estradiol, Mestranol (Norlutin), Norethindrone (NET), Norethisterone Acetate (NETA), Norethisterone Enanthate (NETE) and Testosterone Nanoparticles as Biological Imaging, Cell Labeling, Anti-Microbial Agents and Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs in Nanomedicines Based Drug Delivery Systems for Anti-Cancer Targeting and Treatment. Parana Journal of Science and Education (PJSE). 2017; 3: 10-19.
- Heidari A. A Comparative Computational and Experimental Study on Different Vibrational Biospectroscopy Methods, Techniques and Applications for Human Cancer Cells in Tumor Tissues Simulation, Modeling, Research, Diagnosis and Treatment. Open J Anal Bioanal Chem. 2017; 1: 14-20.
- Heidari A. Combination of DNA/RNA Ligands and Linear/Non-Linear Visible-Synchrotron Radiation-Driven N-Doped Ordered Mesoporous Cadmium Oxide (CdO) Nanoparticles Photocatalysts Channels Resulted in an Interesting Synergistic Effect Enhancing Catalytic Anti-Cancer Activity. Enz Eng. 2017; 6: 1.
- Heidari A. Modern Approaches in Designing Ferritin, Ferritin Light Chain, Transferrin, Beta-2 Transferrin and Bacterioferritin-Based Anti-Cancer Nano Drugs Encapsulating Nanosphere as DNA-Binding Proteins from Starved Cells (DPS). Mod Appro Drug Des. 2017; 1.
- Heidari A. Potency of Human Interferon β-1a and Human Interferon β-1b in Enzymotherapy, Immunotherapy, Chemotherapy, Radiotherapy, Hormone Therapy and Targeted Therapy of Encephalomyelitis Disseminate/Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, F and G Virus Enter and Targets Liver Cells. J Proteomics Enzymol. 2017; 6: 1. Ref.: https://goo.gl/i6BsJg
- Heidari A. Transport Therapeutic Active Targeting of Human Brain Tumors Enable Anti-Cancer Nanodrugs Delivery across the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) to Treat Brain Diseases Using Nanoparticles and Nanocarriers under Synchrotron Radiation. J Pharm Pharmaceutics. 2017; 4: 1-5.
- Heidari A. Christopher Brown, “Combinatorial Therapeutic Approaches to DNA/RNA and Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G), Fluoxetine Hydrochloride (Prozac and Sarafem), Propofol (Diprivan), Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA) (Aspirin), Naproxen Sodium (Aleve and Naprosyn) and Dextromethamphetamine Nanocapsules with Surface Conjugated DNA/RNA to Targeted Nano Drugs for Enhanced Anti-Cancer Efficacy and Targeted Cancer Therapy Using Nano Drugs Delivery Systems. Ann Adv Chem. 2017; 1: 61-69.
- Heidari A. Vibrational Spectroscopy of Nucleic Acids. 2016.
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